English Liturture Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

English Liturture - Coursework Example It is such a sad thing that we, human beings have such views and feeling towards our fellow human beings rather than having the less fortunate creations like the animals feeling hatred to human beings for having been blessed more than they have been. Looking at such angle, animals have all the logical reasons for hating men should they have such feelings. However, men hating their equals make no sense at all. This is a sad fact that the highest-thinking living being feels, which would be the saddest part of all because it is decreasing him to a mere animal. These are all evident in Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird (Lee). Prejudices in To Kill a Mockingbird The story tells of a colored man who has been wrongly accused of rape by a white woman and her father. Being colored, Tom Robinson, the accused was despised and already convicted even before the proper process he needed to undergo. This brought his life to danger, with the white Americans wanting to kill him for the accusa tions made to him even before his trial. Opinions about his being a bad person were already made in the minds of his spectators which eventually had a negative effect to his lawyer, Mr. Finch. The latter was named a negro-lover, extending its effects to his children who were not yet old enough to understand the situation of their father’s client, feeling the resentment of their relatives as well as their neighbors. Racial discrimination has been portrayed in the story in the character of Tom Robinson and his family and the Finch’s helper, Calpurina who represented the prejudiced black people not only in the story but in real life. Gender discrimination on the other hand has been reflected in the speaker’s character, Scout who felt separation in activities enjoyed by his brother and their summer friend, Dill. This also has been strongly seen in the character of the abused Mayella Ewell, the accuser of Tom Robinson. During the trial, it has been revealed that the woman was being abused by his father who was a widower for a long time. Being a drunkard, he has left all his responsibilities to be attended by his first daughter abusing her from household chores to sexually possessing her. The hardships the family experienced placed them among the least privileged and were given the stigma of being in the low class so that the Ewell children were never expected to have decent meals nor finish a year’s education. The family also pictures the life of those who are discriminated because of their social status. Prejudice is such a serious matter that abounds almost everywhere so that it has become the interest of many studies internationally. Suggestions have been made on how to fight against such atrocity especially to those which extend its effect to the killing of other people, not to mention mass murdering a family or race. One of the most common suggestions is education which may help enlighten the minds of people regarding gender, race a nd status. However, in Social Psychology of Prejudice (Crandall & Schaller 1996), it has been mentioned that racism, a form of prejudice thrives even in the intellectual circle. What then is the real score of what we could do about this matter? Race Race is traced in A History: The Construction of Race and Racism (Rogers & Bowman 2008), to religion and science. It is said that the early Christian

The Role of Business in Addressing the Challenge of Unemployment Essay

The Role of Business in Addressing the Challenge of Unemployment - Essay Example Technological Advancements Progress in technology is one major cause of unemployment that the world faces in this century. Most of the things done today are simply done at the click of a button. The emergence of technology has rendered many people unemployable due to the fact that what they used to do manually can now be done faster and more accurately using computer programs developed for the purpose. No single economy would want to remain behind in terms of technology and thus this poses a big challenge to many people today. Computers have literally replaced men thereby rendering man unnecessary in the workplace. This challenge is addressed when businesses diversify into other areas or fields that do not entirely require the use of technology or computer programs. This has given some employees a lifeline to continue in employment. Lack of the Required Skills or Experience Many people especially the young people have been rendered jobless due to the fact that they do not have the skills or experience that is required for their roles. As technology grows, people also need to upgrade themselves to match the technological trends and the competition that has seen many CEOs spend sleepless nights trying to think on how to be better that their competitor. Without proper skills, one ceases to be an asset to a company as one ought to be but a liability. To address this challenge and to bridge the knowledge gap, many companies spend millions of money to train and expose their staff members on the emerging trends.

The Contemporary Hospitality Industry In The UK

The Contemporary Hospitality Industry In The UK INTRODUCTION OF HOSPITALITY hospitality in my own understanding is between guest and host it includes the venue or location and how to entertain the guest that provides the quality of service for the purpose of hospitality. It is also means that when and where there are foods and drinks operate in any establishment there is a hospitality means. Like in United Kingdom hospitality now a day change in so many ways because before establishments in food and beverages must close early before night comes and no one is allowed to operate so the effect for the hospitality means are low in terms of business income to every business owner and of course to the government of this country. But now a day hospitality in this country establishment like food and beverages, convenient store, bars and clubs also restaurants are a huge part of contribution in sharing a national income to the government of United Kingdom. And aside from the many varieties of hospitality establishment in United Kingdom th ey are allowed to operate more time some are till mid time of the morning but the security of the cities are become more strict in terms of caring and visualizing the people because some teenagers become more aggressive when they are drunk so for the concerned of the good citizens like policemen they keep on patronized to keep the peace and safety of every one. STRUCTURE OF THE HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY-3 from top to bottoms like a pyramid shape this is how I illustrate the structure of a business in hospitality industry from top of course is the owner then a big role from a called area manager or head manager or either deputy manager down to assistant manager then shift managers it is categorized in many sectors for the shift managers because under this there are so called leader shift manager, kitchen manager, accountant or accounting department manager, the head security and staff, logistic and human resource management, the maintenance manager under this are the apprentice and staffs, the front counter, crew members, crew trainee, kitchen staff, coordinators staff, security staff from this sectors are the bottoms of the structured phase of hospitality but from this sectors where in the lower position are the managers started to gain performances defend on their knowledge, talent, ability and skills on how they be graded to promote on the nex t high level of position till they reach the position as being manager because of their impeccable performances. But this is not an easy task for everyone because it is required the ability to show how dedicated you are in your workplace the experiences for every candidates to pass through, specially the difficulties on how to handling the unconditional problem situation of the duties and responsibility on how an employee manage the success of his/her responsibility. But with the regards to the operational structure of this establishment I want to elaborate the significant about the different of the two hospitality industry that I chosen the first one is the mc Donald restaurant which I am working now and the second one is the Reflex bar which is openly visit most of the week just for the pleasure of unwinding my long stay in this country as part of international student or let say because sometimes you can escape from thinking back how is the family in the country where I came from or as easily called just to ease the called Home sick. Operationally mc Donald restaurant operates usually with crew members, crew kitchen members and a shift manager while in functional the information technology, the human resources and the area manager are not seen mostly in the restaurant. While in the Reflex bar operational team member mostly in the establishment you can meet first is the security who check the identity of every customer to make sure that they are in the right age because the establishment serve liquor beverages then inside you will meet the second security who are assigned in taking the entrance fee of five pounds for every customer who visit the bar then in inside of the bar are the bar tender and the waitress and waitress their role gives more means to hospitality in the bar because they can contribute efficient service to the customer because I like their being polite and too generous to commit the needs of the customer like the way they manage the mixing of the wine with the style of their own creation. About the functional operation of the Bar the head chef cannot be seen in this establishment in which is the different from the mc Donald that you can see how the kitchen crew operates but they are equal in human resource and area manager and the owner as well in functional term. 1.1 I choose Mc Donald as part of my task, because this is where I work and also I can rely more of information I need to gather and it is also relevant to my course. Our restaurant is more on walk in types of restaurant and I find some information on the internet that Mc Donald restaurants are about to 30,000 restaurants, serving 52million people in more than 100 countries each days. Also that 70% of the restaurants are operated and owned by independence both male and female. Also in this field of business I can elaborate some scale of economies for this restaurant. The external economies that the cost per unit depends on the size of the industry and the internal economies that the cost per unit depends on the size of the individual firm, also in scale of hospitality it gives a big company access to a large market by allowing them to operate with a greater geographical reach. While in the scope of hospitality are cost Advantage that result when firms provide a variety of product or deli very of a single output. It can arise from the sharing or joint utilization of inputs and leads to reduction unit cost. In regards to the diversity of this restaurant products and service are complete in terms of meal deals from drinks to burgers and with a portion of chips or French fries. With regards for the accommodation of this restaurant the first thing people can observe is the five star remarks that stick on the front door of the restaurant showing the rate from the board of health and safety regulatory then also the warm welcome service of the crew member for being their politeness. Secondly the facilities are complete in terms of technology because we have the WI fi free internet connection for the customer also the clean and a nice place to eat and relax and a good place for the children especially for the family to visit. While in the Reflex bar the number of the customer compare to the number of the costumer of mc Donald restaurant are too far from the number of their c ustomer who visit in a day because reflex bar operate only at night time while the restaurant operate night and day. Also the mc Donald serve a variety of foods in terms of promotional offer in every month we have a rotational offer of the new product and with the big help of advertizing and the media as well it helps a lot to introduce the product to promote it with the part of a meal deal also. So the tendency customer are not feeling fed up for the burgers because aside from the promotional product they offer some free as well specially in the childrens meals this is the biggest different in part of the Reflex bar in which they only have a brochure to offer for the customer and most of their promo are only free entrance but with the regards to the food and drink are still in the same price customer can get. 1.2 1.2 The second choice that I pick is the Bar which I usually visit just located in reading town, THE REFLEX bar of the 80s I love to visit the bar every Saturday because that is the big night of the week. It feels unwind to me. Inside the bar you can feel their music, but the set up of the business is more focus on beverages and some foods too. But they were popular on the ambiance especially their sounds thats maybe the reason people love to visit the place. And I could also say, that because the tendency of the bar is focus more on the mature customer because 80s songs now a days are more likely to the 30yrs old up persons. Unlike some bars are fits for the teenagers only and the tendencies or the impact for social community are very strict and so complicated because of their youngest age while in the reflex bar is not because more of the customers are professionals. But also one of the things that I like in this bar is the strict of the staff and friendly as well and very polite to th e customer. But in regards to the services structure of this establishment there are various dissimilar and similar when it comes to operational and functional. Operational the mc Donald restaurant operates without the security personnel while in the reflex bar is required with the security staff because they serve different liquor beverages. And functional both mc Donald and reflex bar are similar in like human resource management, information technologies, and the maintenance management and of course the owner of the establishment. 1.3 People 1st is the sector skills council for hospitality, leisure, travel and tourism. We are working to transform skills in the sector, particularly in the areas of management and leadership, customer service and craft skills. We are committed to ensuring that public funds support the industry to develop only those qualifications and programs that meet the needs of employers. http://www.people1st.co.uk/ In my own understanding to this I think now a day the government of United Kingdom gives the skilled person the opportunity to have the better job benefits and also for the foreign student like us it is more beneficial when u meet the requirements the new program gives the international student to have a working permit visa as long as you finish the course in a diploma or a managerial course because according to the government in this country they ensure to support the public funds for the development of the industry. The British Hospitality Association has been representing the hotel, restaurant and catering industry for 100 years. The Association exists to ensure that the views of the British hospitality industry are represented in a forceful, coherent and co-ordinate way to government and policy makers in the UK and internationally, in order that its members businesses can flourish. The British Hospitality Association (BHA) was established in 1907 as the Incorporated Hotel Keepers Association. In 1910 it merged with a new and entirely separate organisation called Incorporated Association of Hotels and Restaurants, taking on the latters name. http://www.bha.org.uk/details.cfm?page=suppliers In this matter world wide support organization or rather known as globalization is the best I can explain because now a day every country share and support the needs of the industry specially the field of hospitality industry in this country. Like in mc Donald before they started from a few franchising then they come up to establish their own products like owning a huge farm for their potatoes and made their own French fries as well as the process of the milk from their own farm land as well to give support to the farmers of this country that is also agreed to the policies of the government in United kingdom. 1.3 The Institute of Hospitality is the professional body for managers and potential managers in the hospitality, leisure, travel and tourism industries is an internationally recognised management organisation with UK and international regional branches covers all sectors of the industry including hotels, contract catering companies, restaurants, pubs and clubs, as well as leisure outlets, theme parks and sports venues is a registered charity and has a worldwide membership with a wide range of benefits provides members with designatory letters which confer a respected acknowledgement of an individuals qualifications and specific industry experience enables members to  network with industry contacts, to develop professionally and to progress through the membership grades of the Institute. The Institute of Hospitality is a registered educational charity and works closely with all hospitality, leisure and tourism agencies, education and awarding bodies, and government departments, providi ng an interface between education and industry. Home Institute of hospitality in my own explanation, like in impact international college giving a student especially like us international student who are taking up higher national diploma in hospitality management are giving the chance to become a professional in the field of hospitality. Impact school is one of my examples as the institute of hospitality that help the international student gain both the education and a career diploma. Their instructor is highly skilled and trained profession that enhances us to more information about the world of hospitality and guided us to become one of them in the future. HND in Hospitality Management Unit 1 Task Two The Contemporary hospitality Industry 2.1 In this task still I choose the restaurant and a bar as part of the topic in my assignment the highlight of this two hospitality establishment are the restaurant that operates in day and night and the bar that is operates more on the night according to my chosen field. The mc Donald and the reflex bar. The big issues for this two is the restaurant roles and responsibility, the restaurant is more on training because it operates with the many structures of trainees that compose of both part time and full time and most of the participant are a variety of foreign workers. While in the bar, the staff is mostly hired in this country because it required most important of their English communication because the type of business is more comply on how you communicate to the customers for fast service quality. And the type of foods and drinks they offer in this establishment are very different because in the restaurant it is fit to eat and drink for the children and adult while in the bar, wine and liquor beverages are serve for the adults only and the types of foods as well are fit for the young and adults only. Also the dissimilar types of customer comes in this two hospitality establishment are in a huge differences the restaurant customers comes for eating accommodation only while the customers in the bar are comes for the pleasure of enjoying the music, dancing and of course a group of parties and an event of celebrating birth day parties for young and adults this is in more of drinking rather than eating. Another thing is the place or the site of the venue for these two different catering industries I observe most that the restaurant where sited in a place where more people visited like in the huge car parking space or most in the malls or near in the public places that most people visit unlike in the bars you can site them most in the town cities that are nearest in the police station that are intact to communicate in case of any violence happen in the scene. 2.2 In this sector the roles and responsibilities of the staff for each establishment are a very important for every business because this is the characteristic and the main highlight that asses and manage the business. The criteria for every individual qualification are in different requirement, I can describe that the head of the business is the store manager in a restaurant with the support of the assistant manager who impose the action taken from the order of the store manager. Then the assistant manager divided the special task for the shift managers in different schedule and different assignment so that every body can share their particular task and also train and develop the staff as well. They manage the information gather according to the order of the store manager and this is how my work place manages the team in our restaurant in mc Donald. With regards to my understanding in this task about how the staffing affect the issues for hospitality I can added that if you pursue to w ork hard definitely they will give you a priority to trust that will attain me more benefits in having more time to work, they also increase my hourly rate and a good recommendation that will promote me in the next level of achievement and this is how I attain my position as crew trainee and also they promote me as a role model crew member. Then they look forward on what is my back ground in educational attainment I take Hotel and Restaurant Management in the Philippine and now taking Higher National Diploma in Hospitality Management which I think, that in the future I can use it as one of my reference to get a better job. As a matter of fact they are looking forward for me to grab the opportunity to become one of their managers. But it is complicated to my time schedule in college because the slot of the schedule programmed for the trainee of managers will be conduct on the day of my college days. I use this field of my experience as part of my task because I believe it has a relev ant to the question. In added also about the roles of the staffs, this time is about the duties and responsibilities of the operational members for the kitchen staff they manage to control the foods they cook like the burgers it should not be more than the tabulated daily burgers must be made and they should follow the flow of business, if its busy on the unexpected days kitchen staff must be pro active on their duty to follow the good process of hot and good quality of burgers. In the chicken side is also the same process should the kitchen crew must follow and they should be connect to each other meaning if the chicken side is busy and the burger side or grilled side we called is not, then they should give assist to support the fast way of serving the customers. And for us the front counters we should follow the six steps for hospitality ways this are greet first the customers welcome them then take the order then take the money and assemble the foods then the fifth is present the foods and last greet goodbye to the customers. Must all be done in a lovely smile to serve every customers visit the restaurant? HND in Hospitality Management Unit 1 Task Three The Contemporary hospitality 3.1 In this task the standard operating procedures of the food safety first must meet the requirements of the health and safety regulations. Meaning for the small establishment at least meet the three stars not lower than that and for the big establishment like mc Donald, Kentucky fried chicken, burger kings and many other big establishments must be graded a five stars from the health and safety regulatory board. They put stickers on the front of the establishment that marks five stars to show to the public that they pass the requirement of clean and healthy foods requirements. Now in actual presentation I have the experience in organizing and preparing the needs of restaurant by the role of maintaining the cleanliness of the restaurant as a matter of fact my store manager is very proud of me when I do the cleaning. I remember when we have the expected big visitors from health and regulatory staff we are given a grade of 96 percent in cleaning because I have done the good quality of clea ning, organize the stocks in a proper way the freezer foods stock are arrange in an organize first in first out boxes, tables and chairs where detailed clean for the purpose and safety of the customer eat in the restaurant. As an operational team worker this is my contribution in my work place as well in this task. In legislative issues resulting from recent developments that affecting the hospitality industry the regulations that changes are No smoking inside the premises of the restaurant also no liquor allowed to drink in the premises. In the contrary of that the restaurant, gives free internet access to use for their guess while dine inside the restaurant. When it comes to tips not all the times or most are lucky to have the tips because its as fast food type of restaurant but in the drive thru I am popular because of my different strategy is diverting hospitality that makes most of the customer likes me and the result tends to receive me most of having a tips from the customer but, its not about the tips I am happy its the way the customer appreciates my service and I could also added this experience of mine as entertainment because the management found that when I am in the drive thru window customers keep coming because of my different entertainment to them. They love my being politeness. In understanding developments in managerial they give opportunity to each crew a training provided for any candidates who meets the requirements number one is the most achievements in dedicated hard working. Then follows every socs gained by the crew its the social oriented customer satisfaction. 3.2 The current image of the hospitality industry, before establishment in hospitality are very limited in terms of, time of business, types of business. Now a days I could really differentiate the big issues that changes the establishment in hospitality because now they can serve longer time for food and beverages industry even in the hotel accommodation as well. And that maybe the cause of increase in establishment growth in every cities and town, this are some example of the image happen now in the industry of hospitality the popular perception are happens now because of the increasing number of establishment growth in food and beverages and also the improvement of their quality in terms of fast growing foods trend because now a day people are more busy in their life style and the tendencies of their time to eat and cook are limited so they tend to prepare eating out and ordering take away foods that are now serving in most restaurant. Another trend that helps more impact to increase the expansion of foods and beverages establishment is the exposure of media. With the help of advertisement people easy inform about the new trend of product they offer in foods or even in the beverages as well.

The Essence of Pip Essay -- Literature Charles Dickens Papers

The Essence of Pip The forms that stand in closest competition with those undergoing modification and improvement will naturally suffer most. --Darwin, The Origin of the Species (1859) Christopher Ricks poses the question, in his essay on Dickens' Great Expectations, "How does Pip [the novel's fictional narrator] keep our sympathy?" (Ricks 202). The first of his answers to this central inquiry are: the fact that Pip is "ill-treated by his sister Joe and by all the visitors to the house" and that Pip "catches" his unrequited lover, Estella's, "infectious contempt for his commonness" (Ricks 202). In answering like this, Ricks immediately assumes a dichotomous contrast between the natural human and the taught (acted-upon) human. Ricks is saying that the natural Pip is good and therefore holds the reader's sympathy while the manipulated Pip is bad and behaves in ways with which the reader cannot sympathize, and wants to condemn. The reader sides with the basic Pip and blames not him, but his circumstances and others, for his problematic conduct. The abbreviated childhood narratives that many of the novel's characters provide support this loaded nature / nurture division, in which nature is the base and nurture is the skewed corruption of that base. The reader sympathizes with and is intrigued by the stories the characters tell of their childhoods because the stories easily explain why these people act as they do, and render excuses for them when they act maliciously. Children act according to the way they are raised so as to remedy and balance out the past, and their basic good nature only re-emerges after that task has been completed. Miss Havisham, the novel's schadenfreud terrorist, "was a spoilt child. Her mother ... ...gled with their circumstances as to incorporate their selves into them, the novel becomes simply a series of events. Miss Havisham asks Estella "Are you tired of me?" and Estella replies, "Only a little tired of myself" (Dickens 279). Estella has no self and so all the intrigue of personal dilemma and development disappears. Even Miss Havisham is not a self, but is only the blunt response to rejection. This extreme example is representative of all the characters in Great Expectations. They are not subjects; they are objects in a world of pure, artless evolution. Bibliography Dickens, Charles. Great Expectations. London: Penguin, 1994. Ricks, Christopher, "Great Expectations," from Dickens and the Twentieth Century. Ed. John Gross and G. Pearson, 1966. pp. 199-211. Schad, John. The Reader in the Dickensian Mirrors. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1992.

Teen Pregnancy Research Paper

Charmagne Thomas October 31, 2012 English 1101 Roseanna Almaee Teen Pregnancy Teen pregnancy is a growing problem not only in the United States but worldwide. Our country has the highest teen pregnancy rate. Teen pregnancy occurs due to a number of reasons. Many young girls are uneducated about unprotected sex and the consequences. Teens should know the consequences of becoming pregnant at an early age before they become pregnant, not after the fact. Most pregnancies are unplanned, there are options to choose from and there’s always counseling to help choose what’s best for the mother.Studies show that about 800,000 girls become pregnant each year, (www. datehookup. com/content-teen-pregnancy. htm). Three in ten teens get pregnant at least once before turning twenty years old. Pregnancy is the leading cause of teen girls to drop out of school. They can’t handle the stress between homework and a baby. Not even half of teen mothers graduate and it’s less lik ely for them to earn a college degree. Some girls think that a baby will save their relationship. Eight out of ten fathers aren’t with the mother of the child. In most situations they can’t help the baby’s mother because they’re not financially stable themselves.The daughters of teen mothers are more likely to become teen mothers themselves and their sons are more likely to end up in prison, (www. stayteen. org/teen-pregnancy). When a teen finds out she’s pregnant it could be worst moment in her life. It brings a lot of stress, physically and emotionally. The thought of telling parents is what hurts the most. Most girls are ashamed and afraid to ask for help. They feel like they’ve let everybody down, could’ve been more careful, and their future plans are now just dreams. Denial will only cause more problems.There are options to choose from and there’s always counseling to help choose what’s best for both, the mother and the baby, (http://www. teenpregnancy. com/). Birth rates are beginning to increase again. Most pregnancies are unplanned, that’s one of the reasons the mother doesn’t know she’s pregnant and doesn’t seek medical assistance. There are facilities to go to if you don’t have the money to go to a physician and the information will be kept confidential. A teen body is still growing so it’s not healthy and could cause problems with the baby so you have to take in more food and nutrition then you usually would.A lot of teens do drugs and alcohol which could harm, the baby in many ways, mainly premature birth, (http://pregnancy. about. com/od/teenpregnancy/a/Teen-Pregnancy. htm). My friend Jakeria is a teen mother so I decided to interview her. She found out she was pregnant the first semester of our sophomore year. She said â€Å"when I took that pregnancy test I didn’t think it was real, I was in denial so I took a couple more but the resu lt didn’t change. † Jakeria felt like her life was over and it was the end especially with her senior years coming up and all the events that would be taking place.She really didn’t think she could handle being a mother. Jai’dyn, her son was born April 1, 2011. It was a life changing event for her but was the best moment of her life. She came back to school the last couple of weeks to take her finals and get caught up on some work. She graduated with me May 26, 2012. Jakeria said â€Å"I didn’t plan this but I knew I had to face the consequences after the risks I took and after looking at my son I now have a reason to strive to be better so I can prevent him from making the same choices I did. † She’s now attending a technical school and doing whatever it takes to take care of her and her little one.There are no stupid questions to ask when it comes to sex. There are many forms of birth control and there’ no reason teen pregnanc y can’t be prevented. Some girls plan to get pregnant for other reasons. Media has a big impact on teen pregnancy. Some girls just think it’s cute but don’t know all the complications that comes with being pregnant. Girls don’t think it could happen to them until it does. . It’s better to be educated on sex and know the answer before making any decision, (http://teenadvice. about. com/od/sex/tp/All-About-Teen-Pregnancy. htm) Teen pregnancy is a common issue today.Schools should educate more on sex and the consequences. Planned parenthood also offers low cost birth control to teens which is positive. It could happen to anyone but its best to use prevention, it’s worth the wait. In the future, each teen should be aware of the risks involved and know of ways to prevent pregnancies. Works Cited Jakeria Neal, friend that experienced teen pregnancy www. datehookup. com/content-teen-pregnancy. htm http://pregnancy. about. com/od/teenpregnancy/a/Tee n-Pregnancy. htm http://teenadvice. about. com/od/sex/tp/All-About-Teen-Pregnancy. htm http://www. teenpregnancy. com/

Brasil & Europeans

In the colonial period of 1600, the Portuguese were the first amongst the Europeans to settle in Brazil. At that time, only native Indians and nomadic tribes were living in the area. The Portuguese came not to control, conquer or develop the country instead they wanted profitable trade and agriculture. However, three centuries later the land was exploited mostly for wood, sugarcane, coffee beans and gold mining. Man power was provided by both African and Indian slaves. Many Italians settled in Brazil after the boom in coffee production.Intermarriages between different ethnicities and cultures made Brazil one of the most multi- cultured country in the world. Most Brazilians have European, African, Amerindian, Asian and Middle Eastern ancestors. Brazil gained its independence from the Portuguese colonizers on September 7, 1822. In 1889, a military coup backed by the coffee industrialists forced the emperor to leave the country. Coffee planters had great influence in Brazil and practica lly ran the government for the next 30 years. Brazil struggled with military coups and economic instability in those years.After three decades Fernando Coller de Mello was elected in the first democratic elections. He was removed from office for his corruption. The capital of the country is Brasilia and its current President is Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva. The country is federal presidential representative democratic republic in which the President serves as the head of state and head of government. The currency of Brazil is the â€Å"real† (BRL). Brazil follows the Roman legal system. It is a presidential democracy since 1985. The voters of the country had decided not to restore the constititutional monarchy.Brazil is slightly smaller than the United States. It borders the Atlantic Ocean and located in the East of South America. It is the largest country in South America. It has boundaries meeting with all the South American countries except Chile and Ecuador. The low-lying Am azon Rainforest is to the North of Brazil and the south is home to farmers and the agricultural base. The highest peak of Brazil is Pico da Neblina. The largest river in the world, the Amazon also flows through Brazil. The climate varies in different regions from tropical to temperate.The territory of Brazil is said to cover 8,514,876. 599 km2. This wide territory is split into twenty-six states and one federal district. All states are completely independent in terms of their law-making, public security, government and taxation. Brazil has highly structured agricultural, mining, manufacturing, and service sectors and its economy prevails over the economies of the other South American countries. In 1998, Brazil received a $41. 5 billion IMF-led international support program due to its large account deficits.In 1999, the Brazilian Central Bank declared that the currency real would no longer be pegged to the US dollar. This devaluation slowed down the recession and the country witnesse d slight economic growth. The growth of the economy was less than 2% in 2001 due to the high interest rates. At the end of 2001 the country gained much investor confidence. The economy in Brazil is said to be the â€Å"ninth largest economy in the world and tenth largest at market exchange rates†. (Wikipedia). The biggest barriers to economic development are widespread bureaucracy, corruption, poverty and illiteracy within the Brazilian Government.. The government intervenes and plays the most important role in all of the country’s economic activities. Brazil is still a newly industrializing country (NIC) and most development has taken place in southeastern states such as Parana, Sao Paulo and Rio De Janeiro. The industries are producing automobiles and parts, machinery, equipment, steel, textiles, shoes, cement, lumber, iron ore, tin, petrochemicals, computers, aircraft, and consumer durables. Brazil has been leading in the alternative energy sector. Electricity is be ing generated through hydropower.It is exporting oil despite its little amount of oil reserves. Within the service sector, the tourist industry is one of the biggest in Brazil. The Brazilian justice system is painfully slow and unjust. Laws are altered for the rich. The legal system has many defecicies. Many crimes commited by Brazialians are tried for only a limited time span. By the time the authorities get their act together, it is almost too late. Sentences are often reduced by 50% for the crimes commited at the age of 70. Brazil is also an important partner for the European Union.It is a charter member of the UN and contributes troops for peacekeeping efforts in Angola, East Timor, Middle East, Mozambique, Belgian Congo and Haiti. It is the leading member of the G-20 group of nations. The 170 million population of Brazil consist of a majority of 53. 7% whites and 38. 5% multiracial people. Blacks, Asians, Amerindians are in insignifiant propotions. Portuguese is the most widely spoken and understood language in Brazil. Brazil follows mostly Portuguese culture and traditions brought by the colonizers.The African Slaves inspired most of Brazil's music, dance, cuisine, religion and language. Brazil has the largest population of Roman Catholics in the world. Almost half of the output of fiction, poetry, and drama of South America comes from Brazilians. Carnaval is a popular yearly celebration and tourist attraction which is held for forty days to mark the start of Lent. The music in Brazil is richly flavored with a variety of music styles including samba, bossa nova, forro, frevo and many others. Cinema culture started in Brazil in the late 19th century.Many Brazilian films such as Cidade de Deus and Carandiru have received international critical acclaim. Sports specially football are very popular in Brazil. The Brazilain national footbal team has a huge local and interntional following. The team has won the FIFA world cup five times. Brazil’s most not able players are Pele, Ronaldo and Ronaldinho. Other popular sports are capoeira and Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu. Food is a reflection of the racial mix of Brazil. The most popular dishes of Brazil are Feijoada, Caipirinha and Pao de Queijo and rice and beans are basic to every menu.Most Brazilians are in their mid-twenties while 34% are under the age of fourteen. Brazil has rapidly urbanized and almost 75% of the population live in the urban areas. They are not enough jobs in Brazil to support such a large population which is why there is widespread unemployment. Unemployement was said to have reached 9. 8% in 2005 and 8 out of 10 are living in the highly populated urban centers. The largest population of almost 11. 016. 703 people are found in the city of Sao Paulo. A huge majority of people are often forced to resort to street vending, drug peddling and prostitution.The population in the rural areas receive fewer water and sanitation services as compared to urban areas. Many contagious d iseases like cholera, diarrheas have emerged as a result of lack of basic sanitation services. WORKS CITED: †¢ Brazil. † Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 23 Apr 2007, 11:43 UTC. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 24 Apr 2007 . †¢ Brazil. CIA_The World Factbook. 2002. http://www. umsl. edu/services/govdocs/wofact2002/geos/br. html Brazil

Open Architechture a white paper

Open Architechture a white paper Free Online Research Papers Abstract: The purpose of this white paper is to provide a better understanding of how the United States Navy is implementing open architecture. This paper will introduce Naval Open Architecture (OA) and explain open architecture principles. The Problem: â€Å"In the past the Navy has acquired systems that, although they performed their functions and tasks exceedingly well, were unique in their designs and engineering; required unique parts, equipment, and services to support them; were supported by a limited number of suppliers; and became unaffordable to maintain. There are numerous instances, moreover, in which a system or platform was scrapped rather than upgraded or modernized because the cost to do so became prohibitive. Thus, the challenge for weapons systems designers and engineers is to take advantage of OA systems when it makes good warfighting and business sense to do so. When all is said and done, if an OA solution does not enhance our ability to meet mission needs at reduced costs, then it is probably not the solution we desire.† Source: Open Architecture in Naval Combat System Computing of the 21st Century, Network-Centric Applications by Captain Thomas J. Strei, USN, Deputy, Open Architecture Program Executive Office, Integrated Warfare System This paper will serve as a training paper and an introduction to Open Architecture What is Naval Open Architecture? Naval Open Architecture is defined as: A multi-faceted strategy providing a framework for developing joint, interoperable systems that adapt and exploit open system design principles and architectures. Enterprise Open Architecture (OA) is a pattern of nonfunctional requirements that can create and maintain more open and flexible complex systems. Organizations with large, complex systems are looking to OA to help manage complexity, increase flexibility, and reduce their costs. Satisfying the OA nonfunctional requirements (open standards, modularity, interoperability, extensibility, reusability, composability, and maintainability) in system design and implementation is essential to OA at the enterprise level. The Naval OA is a framework which includes a set of principles, processes, and best practices that: Provide more opportunities for competition Optimize total system performance Are easily developed and upgraded Minimize total ownership costs Rapidly field affordable, interoperable systems Employ non-proprietary standards for internal interfaces Enable component reuse The Internet is an excellent example of an open system. Anyone can develop applications that will run on the Internet because the publicly available standard interfaces, protocols, and defined functions are the gateway for participation. Multiple vendors provide the software and hardware for Internet use. The customer base drives the vendors success and market share, while creating defacto interoperability, upgradability, and portability of applications. Source: Open Architecture in Naval Combat System Computing of the 21st Century, Network-Centric Applications by Captain Thomas J. Strei, USN, Deputy, Open Architecture Program Executive Office, Integrated Warfare System Software development and complex system development have tried to achieve the simplicity and flexibility of plug and play for a long time. The economic effects of open architecture’s, such as the original IBM PC and the World Wide Web, show the value of an OA as an enabler of rapid technological adoption and improvement. OA is often cited for providing several valuable business results: Rapid adoption of technology Greater flexibility in business processes and technical infrastructure Easier test and integration Rapid improvement in technology capability and performance Reduced system lifecycle cost through: Increased competition Easier maintenance and upgrades More skilled practitioners Greater component reuse Why is the Navy looking to implement Open Architecture? The world in which the Navy operates today is a significant departure from the environment dominated by Cold War tactics and the operational strategy of the last quarter of the 20th Century. Power is no longer measured just in terms of hard assets and strike capability. New threats are emerging everyday and adversaries are leveraging the commercial market to rapidly develop new and unconventional weapons. At the same time, Navy missions are expanding. The Navy is more engaged in global maritime security, humanitarian missions, warfighter operations, coalition operations and protecting our homeland. Existing business issues that are causing the Navy to require open architecture In an era of strenuous competition for dollars, the Navy is continuously challenged with a host of budget decisions. Previously the legacy approach to systems acquisition locked the Navy into inflexible acquisition strategies with single systems and vendors that limit the services options for competition and innovation. The Navy has learned that limited competition impedes innovation; OA provides options for greater competition and inclusion of innovators. Procured systems are not affordable throughout the life cycle due to the expense not only in development, but also in maintenance. Without OA there is little to no asset reuse takes place across the enterprise. Technical issues that are causing the Navy to look to OA Procurement of monolithic systems using legacy processes produces incompatible systems that are not interoperable. Naval software is closely coupled (integral) to the computing hardware platforms. Special-use code and modules that cannot be reused across the Navy are considered artifacts of the legacy approach to systems acquisition. Increases (and resulting life cycle cost growth) of hardware and software baselines have resulted in upgrade processes to closed systems. Where does the Navy hope to go with OA? Implementing OA across the enterprise will enable warfighting functions. By utilizing OA, standards-based solutions will enable common, interoperable capabilities to be fielded more rapidly, more affordably and enable more effective technology insertion. Naval enterprise-wide business plans are based on a cost/capability analysis of programs that address capability, affordability, and stabilization. There is a requirement for more flexible acquisition strategies and contracts. This will enable the Navy to reuse software, easily upgrade systems, and share data throughout the enterprise. It is time for a streamlined approach for investments in similar capabilities. Along with a streamlined approach, the Navy expects to see increased competition that will foster innovation and leverage technology upgrades across the enterprise. The technical implementation of OA across the enterprise yields some technical challenges. The Navy seeks layered and modular open architectures that will address portability, maintainability, interoperability, upgradeability and long-term supportability. The OA approach brings modular, open designs consisting of components that are self-contained elements with well-defined interfaces. Maximum use of commercial standards and commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) products will assure systems that continuously conform to Information Assurance (IA) requirements. How does Open Architecture benefit the Fleet and Other Organizations? Performance Continuous competition yields best of breed applications and allows for a focus on warfighting priorities. Schedule System integration of OA compliant software happens quickly and allows for more rapid updates driven by operational cycles. Cost Avoidance Mechanisms Where software is concerned, develop once, use often, upgrade as required. Where hardware is concerned, use high volume COTS products at an optimum price. Training systems should use same tactical applications and COTS hardware. Design for Maintenance Free Operating Periods Install adequate processing power to support minimal maintenance. Replacements should be pulled from improved COTS versus maintaining old hardware. Reduce maintenance training that has been required in the past. Consolidate development and operational testing for reused applications. Risk Reduction Deploy less (but better than existing) performance or wait until the next update. Compliance Issues Directives that apply to Open Architecture The DoDD 5000.1 directs: A modular, open systems approach shall be employed, where feasible. In a memo, Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology, and Logistics (USD ATL) amplified DoDD 5000.1s direction, stating that: It is the DoD’s intent to use open architectures to rapidly field affordable systems that are interoperable in the joint battle space All programs subject to milestone review must brief their Modular Open Systems Approach (MOSA) implementation to their Milestone Decision Authority The Open Systems Joint Task Force (OSJTF) is the designated lead for the MOSA effort What is Assistant Secretary of the Navy (ASN) (Research, Development Acquisition (RDA) Policy Guidance? ASNs Memo set out OA policy, established an OA Enterprise Team (OAET), and assigned its roles and responsibilities: Lead the Navy Enterprise to OA implementation Provide OA Systems Engineering leadership to Program Executive Offices (PEOs), industry partners, Joint Organizations, Navy Warfare Centers and other participating organizations Provide the forum and process by which cross domain OA proposals and solutions are reviewed and approved Oversee OA implementation efforts ensuring standardized and disciplined processes are utilized across domains Identify cross-domain components and opportunities for cost reduction and reuse Leverage technical, business, and organizational solutions from all participating communities OA precepts require naval warfare systems be independent from underlying Commercial Off-the-Shelf computing plants and that modular systems design shall be followed What are Office of the Chief of Naval Operations (OPNAV)’s OA Principles? OPNAV has cited five principles of OA that must be followed in order to garner its advantages: Modular design and disclosure Reusable application software Interoperable joint warfighting applications and secure information exchange Life cycle affordability Encouraging competition and collaboration through development of alternative solutions and sources These five principles relate to and implement a Modular Open Systems Approach (MOSA) within the Naval Enterprise National Security Systems. What is Modular Open Systems Approach (MOSA)? Modular design is a design where functionality is partitioned into discrete, cohesive, and self-contained units with well-defined interfaces that enable substitution of such units with similar components or products from alternate sources with minimum impact on existing units. Design Disclosure is the process by which information is made available to all qualified parties to enable them to participate in the competitive process. It is important to emphasize that to be effective, design disclosure must take place early in the design process and provide for frequent refreshment over time (early and often disclosure). Design disclosure enables the implementation of collaboration and competition throughout the life cycle of the system. MOSA Compliance DoD: A modular open systems approach is required by DoD Directive 5000.1 and the USD (ATL) Memo* Navy: The ASN (RDA) OA Policy Memo requires that all future warfare systems must follow a modular open systems design Navy: Modular design is one of OPNAVs OA principles The Vision MOSA is an integral part of acquisition strategies in order to achieve affordable, evolutionary, and joint combat capability. The MOSA approach is both a business and technical strategy for developing a new system or modernizing an existing one. Modular design and design disclosure permits evolutionary design, technology insertion, competitive innovation, and alternative competitive approaches from multiple qualified sources. Furthermore, modular design is a fundamental principle that enables other activities. Design disclosure is a crucial tenet of the OA business process. Design disclosure makes data related to the design of a component, sub-system or system available to qualified recipients. This data is sufficient to allow the third party to develop and produce a competitive alternative. This is an integral part of the toolset that will help DoD to achieve its goal of providing the joint combat capabilities required for 21st century warfare, including supporting and evolving these capabilities over their total life cycle. Asset Reuse Reuse is the practice of leveraging components from one system or environment for use in other systems or environments, with no change or minimal change to the component. OA enables reuse through business practices such as contractual strategies that encourage integrators/innovators to seek and provide reusable components. Innovators should seek out technical practices that enable the development of reusable components, including development of data models, use of open standards and common run-time infrastructures. Asset reuse is facilitated by: Peer review processes that consider best of breed from various vendors and other systems Repository capabilities that enable market research for discovery of existing products that have similar mission requirements Community of interest and product line approaches that build on existing products to provide for similar capabilities where needed For the purpose of Naval OA, reuse means both importing and exporting components across domains or programs. Reuse of components by a single vendor in multiple products does not fulfill the intent of OA reuse. Reusable assets include not only software, but other items, such as models, designs, algorithms, and even contract language or acquisition documentation. Software reuse can be applied at a variety of levels: Application Algorithm Architecture Design Reuse concepts can be extended to other reusable items Contract language Acquisition documentation Training materials Interoperable Joint Warfighting Applications and Secure Information Exchange Interoperable joint warfighting applications and secure information exchange must be created using common services (e.g., common time reference) common warfighting applications and information assurance as intrinsic design elements. Interoperability is defined as the ability of two or more systems or components to exchange information and to use the information that has been exchanged. [IEEE 90] Open architecture enables interoperability through common data models and the use of open standards. Secure Information Exchange According to the Chairman of The Joint Chiefs of Staff Instruction [CJCSI 3170.01E], Information Assurance is defined as: Information operations that protect and defend information and information systems by ensuring their availability, integrity, authentication, confidentiality and non-repudiation, this includes providing for restoration of information systems by incorporating protection, detection and reaction capabilities. To assist in assuring the protection of information a program called net-ready key performance parameter (NR-KPP) has been implemented. NR-KPP assesses information needs, information timeliness, information assurance and net-ready attributes required for both the technical exchange of information and the end-to-end operational effectiveness of that exchange. Protecting information is vital to implementing open architecture. Life cycle affordability Life cycle affordability plays an important part in program decisions throughout the Life cycle. Even before a program is formally approved for initiation, affordability plays a key role in the identification of capability needs. Life cycle affordability is achieved by application of OA practices in system design, development, delivery, and support. In choosing systems it is important to remember that a system that meets performance requirements, but if the system is not reliable, maintainable, and supportable then it becomes a liability to the warfighter. Affordability also is achieved by exploiting the Rapid Capability Insertion Process/Advanced Processor Build (RCIP/APB) methodology to mitigate COTS obsolescence. When considering life cycle cost you must consider the total cost of acquisition and ownership of a system over its useful life. This includes the cost of development, acquisition, support, and disposal. OA promotes reduction in life cycle costs through a variety of ways. One of the primary ways is through the ability to leverage the commodity nature of COTS computing to achieve greater processing power at less cost. Another way is by decoupling system components to enable addressing capability addition or maintenance at the module level, versus the system level. Leveraging reuse of components and applications to reduce maintenance and development costs where similar mission needs exist is a third way to reduce life cycle costs. A fourth way to reduce life cycle costs is by increasing the vendor pool thus increasing the potential for competition at most levels of the work breakdown structure. This increases competition and drives down cost and promotes innovation. The development of alternative solutions and sources encourages competition and collaboration. Since competition leads to innovation, in order to better differentiate themselves from others and thus win contracts, companies must continue to develop better and better technology. Collaboration leads to better systems as each company contributes its strength or niche component to the overall deliverable. The contractors are rewarded when the whole system performs to expectations, not just their component. Rapid Capability Acquisition An open modular approach, in concert with OA business methods, enables a rapid acquisition cycle. Early and often design disclosure and a peer review process facilitate ongoing competition and innovation. Software reuse and leveraging of common applications shortens cycle time and reduces life cycle cost. Modular design facilitates COTS refreshment and obsolescence mitigation. Rapid capability insertion gets new capability to the warfighter more quickly. When are OA principles going to be applied? OA principles are to be applied to all new programs and to in-service programs, as appropriate New programs born open In-service (existing) programs may apply OA principles, as appropriate to their System requirements Remaining service life Potential for change either due to maintenance or new requirements The selection of OA attributes and component reuse approaches is determined by the Program Manager in cooperation with the sponsor Determine as-is and to-be state of OA attributes Conduct business case analysis to document the choice of appropriate courses of action Five Principles Applied in Concert to Achieve OA When modular design, interoperable applications, reusable application software, competition and collaboration, secure information exchange, and life cycle affordability are used together they become open architecture. They are all important on their own, but when combined they lock together to support each other and form a matrix that enhances the core strength of the Navy and Marine Corps. Remember the five principles, not as individual stand-alone components but as a system that has five integral parts that center around Open Architecture. Together they make the Navy and Marine Corps a more effective military force. Summary Naval Open Architecture is the confluence of business and technical practices yielding modular, interoperable systems that adhere to open standards with published interfaces. This approach significantly increases opportunities for innovation and competition while enabling reuse of components, facilitating rapid technology insertion and reducing maintenance constraints. OA delivers increased warfighting capabilities in a shorter time at reduced cost. This initiative is a key enabler and pillar of DoD focus on joint architectures and evolutionary acquisition. By adopting OA principles throughout the Naval enterprise today, the Navy can build modular, affordable, future national security systems designed to meet the future needs of warfighters. These systems will also be able to readily incorporate insertion of new technologies from a broad range of industry partners. However, as the CNO states, â€Å"The Navy will remain powerful †¦ by exploiting cutting edge technology.† The Navy must identify our path forward. This strategy lays out the Navy’s vision, goals, and objectives to implement OA across the enterprise. This document presents three overarching high level Naval OA goals and supporting objectives. Underlying activities and work products are detailed in the implementation plan. Research Papers on Open Architechture a white paperBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfThe Project Managment Office SystemRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalDefinition of Export QuotasUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married Males

England vs. France 16 C essays

England vs. France 16 C essays Account for the fact that by the end of the 17th Century, France was an absolute monarchy and England was a constitutional monarchy. While both the French and English empires were growing overseas, the modern system of great powers was evolving in Europe itself. France became Europes superpower in the 1600s. Louis XIV, the Sun King, served as a model of absolute royal power. England in the 1600s, by contrast, provided an early example of more democratic rule as Parliament limited the power of monarchs. From the 1560s to the 1590s, religious wars between Huguenots (French Protestants) and the Catholic majority tore France apart. Leaders on each side used the war to make themselves look better. Two of the lead families (one from each side) wanted to replace the declining Valois dynasty. The worst of the fighting began on St. Bartholomews Day, August 24, 1572. At a wedding, violence erupted that lead to 3,000 Huguenot deaths. In the coming days, many more were murdered. St. Bartholomews Day stood for the breakdown of France. In 1589, Henry of Navarre inherited the throne and became known as Henry IV. He became Catholic so the French population would support him in his efforts. When he dies in 1610, his nine year old son, Louis XIII inherited the throne. In 1624, Louis made Cardinal Armand Richelieu his chief minister. He spent 18 years strengthening the central government. Richelieu was determined to destroy the power of the nobles and the Huguenots, two groups that would not tolera te royal authority. He defeated their armies and destroyed their castles. He got them back by giving them positions at court or in the army. Richelieu outlawed their armies yet he allowed them to continue to practice their religion. Richelieu picked Cardinal Jules Marazin as his able successor. When Louis XIV inherited the throne, he was able to serve as his chief minister. Soon after Lo ...

The Lie-Lay Confusion Explained

The Lie-Lay Confusion Explained Lay and lie are two words often interchanged mistakenly in business grammar. Lay means â€Å"to place.† Lie, as a verb, means â€Å"to recline or tell an untruth.† (Lie, as a noun, means a falsehood.) Lie, as a noun is generally clear, but the verb lie and the verb lay can be confusing. Lay (principal parts: lay, laid, laying) means â€Å"to put† or â€Å"to place† and needs an object to complete its meaning: * Please lay the brochures carefully on the desk. * I laid the two other notes there yesterday. * The sales manager is always laying the blame on his staff when sales drop. Lie (principal parts: lie, lay, lain, lying) means â€Å"recline or rest, or stay.† It can refer to either a person or thing as assuming or being in a reclining position. The verb â€Å"lie† cannot take an object: * Now he lies in bed most of the day, sulking about the lost sale. * The opportunities lay before us. * This RFP has lain unanswered for days. * Today’s mail is lying on the receptionist’s desk. Here is an easy tip to check your use of these verbs: substitute the word â€Å"place, placed, or placing (depending on grammar structure.) If the substitute fits, lay is correct. If not, use lie. Remember: Lay = place. To test this: *I will (lie or lay) down now. You would not write, â€Å"I will place down now.† So, this tells you readily that lay is correct in this sentence: â€Å"I will lay down now.† * I (laid or lay) the pad on his desk. â€Å"I placed the pad on his desk† makes sense, so, lay is correct in this sentence: â€Å"I laid the pad on the desk.† (past tense) * These files have (laid or lain) untouched for days. You would not write, â€Å"These files have placed untouched for days† so lie is correct: â€Å"These files have lain untouched.† Correct YourBusiness GrammarChallenges in this webinar.

Management science Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Management science - Coursework Example It only picks one value from the highest state of nature. b. Using the minmax regret, we use the regret table whereby the highest values of the loss for the pounds supplied is taken. In this case, we have $120 for 20 pounds, $105 for 25 pounds, $60 for 40 pounds and $80 for 60 pounds. So picking the lowest value from the obtained maximum losses, we get $60 for 40 pounds. So by supplying 40 pounds Geoffrey will make minimum losses. When there is a single doctor working in the emergency room, and he takes 5minutes to attend to one patient, therefore it means that the doctor will serve 12 patients in an hour. Since the arrival rate of the patients is 14/hour, then a queue is expected. When another doctor is introduced and are working together, that means it is a single model. The appropriate operating characteristic for this single queue model is the average number of patients waiting to see a doctor and in this case it should not be more than 6 patients. The model has an arrival rate which is exponentially distributed and the patients follow the first come first served. The formula above is used to show the expected number of patients in the queue. The administrator wants at most six patients in the queue and the least number of doctors required to meet the requirement will be given by substituting Lq with 6 (Lq

Ethics of the Sale of Body Parts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Ethics of the Sale of Body Parts - Essay Example So, what is the cross-section where these two areas meet? Is it ever ethical to, in effect, â€Å"sell† body parts? Blood and semen are bodily fluids that are donated for money—so what would make donating body parts that much more different? For one thing, the sale of body parts in the U.S.—or anywhere else, as a matter of fact—is ethically questionable, at best. According to Wilkinson (2003), â€Å"Many of the arguments [we will] address†¦apply equally to all body parts and, indeed, to all body products† (pp. 101). Legally speaking, the sale of body parts is strictly forbidden in the United States. According to Gunning and Holm (2007), â€Å"For example, property right in human body or body parts is forbidden in the United States† (pp. 169). This is for many reasons, one of them being that the idea of trading body parts for cash could lead to the poor and disadvantaged selling their body parts for money. Also, people might sell these bo dy parts wholesale, making the black market for body parts even greater. Section II. Five Ethical Issues Associated With the Sale of Body Parts Five ethical issues with regard to the sale of body parts—outside of the biomedical ethical standpoint—is that such a practice would be morally wrong, it would take away the human dignity of the sellers, it would take away the human dignity of the person whose body part would be taken, it would take away from the dignity of the doctors, and also create greed within the buyers. The mere practice of selling body parts would be wrong—not to mention the donation of an organ—in Judaism and Islam. The importance of the body being whole is emphasized due to the fact that going to the afterlife depends upon how one took care of one’s body. According to Holland and Johnson (1998), â€Å"For it may be thought that the human body has a significance that is incompatible with treating its parts as items for sale in a b ody shop or that such treatment is an affront to human dignity and respect for self† (pp. 192). Sellers’, doctors’, and recipients’ dignity would also be compromised. The dignity of the person whose body part would be taken would definitely be diminished by donating a body part for cash. According to Miller (2010), â€Å"It doesn't follow, though, that the sale of body parts is good for the parties or for the rest of us. Such sales—or gifts—might unduly alienate the seller from parts of his or her body that are and should remain so integral to [oneself]† (pp. 235). Section III. The Position of a Biomedical Products Engineer on the Sale of Body Parts, Using Two Ethical Theories (Utilitarianism and the Golden Rule) The two ethical theories that were selected were utilitarianism and the Golden Rule. Both of these ethical theories could both be applied to the pro as well as the con sides of the argument. With regard to utilitarianism, biom edical products can be used expediently for the greatest good of all. That may seem to endorse the sale of organs or body parts, but actually it doesn’t, therefore it shouldn’t be allowed. The sale of organs is actually prohibited for the good of everyone, because such sales would ultimately create a larger black market for body parts, and murders would skyrocket in number. Utilitarianism is generally regarded as â€Å"the greatest good for the greatest number.† Of course, utilitarianism does not always end up being the best deal out fo the bunch. According to Brandt (1992), â€Å"

The Four Fields of Philosophy Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Four Fields of Philosophy - Term Paper Example These four branches are different from one another with regards to its concerns, but they nevertheless intersect at certain points. The reason for such is that all of philosophy, as mentioned above, aims towards one goal, i.e. truth. Therefore, regardless of what aspect of reality is focused on, philosophy remains wherever truth is sought after. The Philosophy of Mind: Identity of Minds â€Å"Of all the mysteries in the world, none is more puzzling than the mind† (Poundstone 222). This section aims to discuss a concept that has taken for granted, namely, the human mind. What is the identity of the human mind? What is the difference between our mental from non-mental phenomena? What is the difference between my mental states of believing it will rain from physical objects such as pencils and papers? Upon addressing the aforementioned problem, I shall focus on the behaviorist view of the mind, specifically, logical behaviorism. I shall argue that the claims of logical behavioris m are merely based on the assumption that the mental states cause certain corresponding bodily or behavioral states. However, if it is only based on an assumption, then its entire theory is unfounded, and thus invalid. Thus logical behaviorism will not suffice to provide an analysis of the identity of the mind. ... behavioral terms such as I will complete my assignments regularly, I am disposed to limp, and I will wear light clothes today when I leave the house. Herein, â€Å"the property of being in a certain mental state is identical with the property of being in a certain neurophysiological state† (Fodor 86). In other words, mental terms are characterized in terms of their corresponding manifested physical behaviors. Given that mental states are nothing but neurophysiological behavioral states, either the mental states that mental terms refer to do not exist or such mental states exist. For, in claiming that one’s mental states can be understood with reference to its corresponding behavioral state, then we no longer are talking about mental states per se, but behavioral states for that matter. For instance, I say â€Å"I think it’s going to rain† and before stepping out of the door, I bring with me an umbrella. Herein, the act or behavior of bringing an umbrella w ith me can be identified with my assertion that â€Å"I think it’s going to rain.† Thus, under this view, the simplest solution is sought. For, every non-objective mental state can be identified with an objective physical state, which in turn makes it verifiable. But will this tactic of reducing mental states to behavioral dispositions sufficient so as to account for the mind’s identity? I disagree. For, in order to claim that mental terms refer to behaviors is to assume that both mind and body are necessarily interconnected so as to produce a corresponding behavior for each mental term. Hence, logical behaviorism only makes sense, provided that both mind and body causally interact with each other. Moreover, it seems quite absurd to portray this view as a possible view of the mind for it leads to a kind of

Security of Big Data Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Security of Big Data - Research Paper Example Big Data are pivotal in many organizations because it allows respective stakeholders to view and analyze data. Before the advent of Big Data, information about customers and business were overwhelming. With Big Data, stakeholders can truly take this raw information and convert into data that can assist them in making real-time decisions. The challenge in many organizations is the fact that majority of decisions are made based on estimated guesses. One of the best elements of Big Data is the fact that it reduces any ‘guesswork’. Moreover, it allows the organization to understand customer behavior in a much meaningful way. Another huge aspect of Big Data is the collaboration aspect as it allows users to interact and use this data. Imagine an organization in which the marketing department requires key reports from the technology department. Clearly, the issue of latency can be a factor that can delay essential decision making. Hence, it is only evident that securing Big Dat a is essential because it holds true information because securing data is not only regulated by compliance, but can potentially fall into wrong hands. Securing data saves organization from financial implications that can have detrimental effects for everyone. One of the worst vulnerabilities for user domains are insider attacks. Insider attacks occur. For instance, denial of service and spoofing are one the most common themes that occur. The problem is the fact that intercepting authentication or other sensitive information can be executed with the current WAN technology in Big Data. Moreover, spoofing can also be conducted since an intruder can deceive the network that it recognizes a possible unauthorized access. The problem with installing firewalls in a user domain is the fact that they are fully feasible. Insider attacks occur when one user domain gains more privilege than the other user and

Defining Rule utilitarianism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Defining Rule utilitarianism - Essay Example Finally, Hospers brings up the last example when people vote. Thus, on an election day people may or may not be willing to go and vote. The first example might be considered to be an objection to act utilitarianism since according to it killing the fat man would be quite useful for the group of people, but the majority of people would agree on the fact that killing is wrong. The second example also shows that act utilitarianism might be regarded as a false approach: it is true that sometimes for a particular individual lying might bring considerable more benefits that tell the truth; however, the society condemns lying. Finally, the third example may also be regarded as a valid claim that rebuts act utilitarianism. According to the latter, it would be more ethical not to vote for a person, but it is quite obvious that such approach would ruin the legal system. Rule utilitarianism would provide a different solution for this problem. In case of the fat man, it would encourage people to let that man live. The reason for this is quite simple: it is generally accepted that killing other people is not an ethical action. That is why killing the person in question will violate the general rule which contributed to the security in the society. In the second example about lying, rule utilitarianism would urge a person to tell a truth even though it might be some problems. The logic behind it is rather simple: the social life is being productive and stable because people generally do not lie to each other. That is why if people chose to make an exception from that rule, they might undermine the very foundation of the society. Finally, in the example of voting, rule utilitarianism would encourage people to go and vote in spite of the fact that they may not be willing as if all the other people chose not to vote this is likely to break the democratic system and result in the collapse of the government. In my opinion rule

Malnutrition in the Eldery patient Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Malnutrition in the Eldery patient - Essay Example In a controlled study of 92 patients that underwent hip surgery, 27% of the 26 patients who had suffered from postoperative delirium were admitted to a nursing home within 3 months of discharge from hospital compared to 8% of the 66 non-delirious patients. McCusker et al .found no difference for admission rates to long-term care facilities between patients with delirium and a non-delirious control group (odds ratio 1.15; 95% confidence intervals 0.33-4.05). The odds ratio for admission to long-term care, however, increased to 3.18 (95% CI 1.19-8.49) for demented delirious patients. Also, in a study by Edelstein et al ,the 5.1% of 921 patients who became delirious after hip-fracture surgery were less likely to recover to their pre-fracture level of ambulation than non-delirious patients. In patients newly admitted to post-acute care facilities after discharge from hospital, persistent delirium symptoms were prevalent in 23% of patients, being associated with poor functional recovery. Cognitive decline is not only a predisposing factor for delirium, but it has also been shown that delirium independently worsens cognitive function. In both delirious and non-delirious patients who underwent hip surgery, the score on the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) decreased significantly during hospital stay. In the delirious group, however, the average MMSE score decreased significantly more (from 23.06 to 20.44 points) than in the non-delirious group (from 26.74 to 25.83 points; P Diagnosis There is no evidence that the clinical picture of delirium in the elderly differs from that in younger patients, although symptoms of delirium may be more persistent and follow a more chronic course. In 193 medical inpatients aged 65 and over with delirium diagnosed at admission or during the first week in hospital, symptoms of delirium persisted up to 12 months after diagnosis, in patients both with and without dementia. Diagnosing delirium in demented patients may be hard due to the overlap in symptoms of delirium and dementia. Recently, malnutrition related syndromes were Dened such as sarcopenia, i.e. loss of muscle mass, and failure to thrive (FTT), i.e. involuntary loss of weight combined with functional decline. Both are also highly prevalent in geriatric patient and similarly caused by multiple risk factors, overlapping with malnutrition [6-8]. Malnutrition is a general term for the medical condition caused by an improper or insufficient ("undernourished") diet. An individual will experience malnutrition if the appropriate amount, kind or quality of nutrients comprising a healthy diet are not consumed for an extended period of time. An extended period of malnutrition will result in starvation. Malnutrition as the

Defining Rule utilitarianism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Defining Rule utilitarianism - Essay Example Finally, Hospers brings up the last example when people vote. Thus, on an election day people may or may not be willing to go and vote. The first example might be considered to be an objection to act utilitarianism since according to it killing the fat man would be quite useful for the group of people, but the majority of people would agree on the fact that killing is wrong. The second example also shows that act utilitarianism might be regarded as a false approach: it is true that sometimes for a particular individual lying might bring considerable more benefits that tell the truth; however, the society condemns lying. Finally, the third example may also be regarded as a valid claim that rebuts act utilitarianism. According to the latter, it would be more ethical not to vote for a person, but it is quite obvious that such approach would ruin the legal system. Rule utilitarianism would provide a different solution for this problem. In case of the fat man, it would encourage people to let that man live. The reason for this is quite simple: it is generally accepted that killing other people is not an ethical action. That is why killing the person in question will violate the general rule which contributed to the security in the society. In the second example about lying, rule utilitarianism would urge a person to tell a truth even though it might be some problems. The logic behind it is rather simple: the social life is being productive and stable because people generally do not lie to each other. That is why if people chose to make an exception from that rule, they might undermine the very foundation of the society. Finally, in the example of voting, rule utilitarianism would encourage people to go and vote in spite of the fact that they may not be willing as if all the other people chose not to vote this is likely to break the democratic system and result in the collapse of the government. In my opinion rule

Rights and Responsibilities of Employer and Employee Essay Example for Free

Rights and Responsibilities of Employer and Employee Essay The Trusts purpose is to provide the best possible health care to defined standards of cost, volume and quality. Generally all employees are expected to adopt values and standards of conduct consistent with the trusts purpose. Employees are expected, at all times, to deal politely, respectfully and use civilised language and behaviour with all patients, public and other employees. Aggressive, abusive, threatening or violent behaviour is not acceptable. Employees are also expected to be aware of the need for quite and calm movement and behaviour in many patient, public and office areas. And are not permitted to consume food or drinks in view of patients or the public in the workplace, unless it is part of the model care, or in the absence of appropriate facilities, the manager has given his or her permission. On the other hand, employees are expected to be considerate of others and present themselves with due regard to social acceptability, tidiness and personal hygiene. However, they are expected to help patients and the public feel confident and at ease with the services they provide, with this they are expected to comply with particular requirements regarding the dress applicable in their Department. Employees are required to handle patients humanely, respectfully, courteously and with physical care. Employees should not have sexual relationships with patients who are in care or receiving treatment. Employees are told that sexual behaviour with patients who are mentally ill or mentally handicapped is not acceptable, if an employee is caught or reported of any suspicions he or she would face the Mental Health Act, and carry a liability to prosecution. Finally, Employees are expected to be honest in all their dealings with the Trust, for example, making reports and giving information, presenting claims for payment (travelling expenses, attendance records, recording work done etc.).Dishonesty, making false claims for payment etc., is treated as a serious offence. All employees are also expected to comply with all legal requirements at all times (Discrimination, harassment, victimisation and bullying at work on grounds of gender, race, colour, ethnic or national origins, social group, marital status, pregnancy, disability, sexual orientation, religion or creed, age, and so on). All employees have got responsible to meet their terms and condition of their job description and job specification. Employees rights: To begin with all employees in the NHS are entitled to receive statutory sick pay if the individual earn more than à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½67 a week. In the NHS, majority of the female group tend to use their Careers leave. All employees are entitled a reasonable time off work without pay, to deal with an emergency involving a dependant. For example, if a dependant falls ill or is injured, to arrange or attend a dependant funeral. In addition to this all employee are entitled 28 day paid holiday a year, this depend to the individuals title and period of time theyve worked for the hospital (the longer youve been in the job the more days you are given). Moreover, all pregnant employees are entitled to time off with pay to keep appointments for antenatal care made on the advice of a registered medical practitioner, midwife or health visitor. Likewise all working mothers are entitled to 18 weeks maternity leave. Most women will qualify for statutory maternity pay or maternity allowance. Alternatively if an employee is been employed by the NHS for more than a year he or she is qualify for 13 weeks of unpaid parental leave to be taken before the new-born is five. Although the rules apply to mothers and fathers, few men are expected to take it since the leave is unpaid. It is important for employees to meet the terms of their contracts because, if an employee fails to comply with his or contract of employment or policies set by Barts and The London. For example, if an employ does not attend work for the hours stated in the contract, they will be dealt with in an appropriate manner depending on the circumstances. The mission of the hospital is to excel in patient care, staff employment, education and training and research into new cures and treatments. For almost, every member of staff have objectives relate to achieving Pathfinder priorities directly; others are about delivering the ambitious programmes that underpin Pathfinder. These include Clinical quality, Service efficiency, Patient experience, Systems, culture and partnerships, Patient access, Patient choice, the hospital environment , access to information, The performance of workforce and Financial management. There are supervisors that work with junior staff, at the (a month or three) they meet and discuses (review) whether they have achieved their targets or not. Health and Safety is Making the work environment safe for personnel, patients and the public. Health and Safety Management is the strategy for eliminating or reducing hazards so that people are not injured or affected by disease. It is important for employer to follow Health and Safety regulations because employers must comply with a request to establish a safety committee which has the function of keeping under review the measures taken to ensure the health and safety at work of the employees. As they have a duty to cooperate with safety representatives usually appointed by a Trade Union. A hazardous substance can be any substance, whether solid, liquid or gas that may cause harm to your health these substances (corrosive, flammable, explosive, spontaneously combustible, toxic, oxidising, or water-reactive) they must be identified in the work place by a coloured diamond symbol. Moreover, Hazards in the healthcare sector is identified by the European Agency for Safety and Health at Work such as, Working shifts, Needle stick injuries, Latex allergy; Manual handling; Psychosocial issues such as violence at work. In this case it may be necessary for the employer to resort to the legal process or to approach the emergency services for assistance, depending on the nature and imminence of the hazard. Alternatively employees have a duty under section 7 of the Act to take care of their health and safety, and the health and safety of their colleagues, and to co-operate to the extent necessary to enable the employer to comply with his duties under the Act. This could include maintaining or co-operating in the maintenance of safety equipment such as breathing apparatus or fire fighting equipment. Like wise all employees expect promotion and pay rise from their employer. According to the contract of employment, all employees in the hospital will be paid monthly by credit transfer. If an employee is paid less than the sum stated in their contract the individual can explain this to a manage and the manage will discuss the matter to the payroll manage. On the other hand, an employee can take legal action is her payment is not on time and the sum stated is not paid on her next payment. Anyone aged 22 or over must be paid at least à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3.70 an hour. Those aged 18 21 get a minimum of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3.20. Some groups are excluded (prisoners and family members working in a family business). The advantages of minimum wage is that minimum wage laws have raise the level of unemployment and make those that do have a job work harder. It is also a means of reducing poverty and improving the well-being of low-income workers. The key responsibilities for work place health and safety are set out by the occupational Health and safety Act 1985. Employer should by law provide a healthy and safe working environment for their employees. It is important to provide employees with a safe working environment because an employer has control and management of the work place; they have the primary responsibility for ensuring it is safe. Alternatively employees must also take responsibility for looking after their own health and safety, and must not place others at risk by their actions (or by any failure to act which could result in an incident). However, if the hospital (employers) fails to provide employees with a safe working environment, they are liable to heavy fines and may receive bad reputation or publicity. The benefits of a safe and healthy working environment include; Better employee health and well-being, improved productivity and reduced legal pressures on employers, as many health and safety at work issu es come under statutory responsibilities. All nurses in Barts and The London belong to an association called The Royal college of Nursing (RCN). The Royal College of Nursing membership is the largest professional association and union of nursing staff and students in the UK. It is an influential voice for nursing at home and abroad. The RCN promotes nursing interests on a wide range of issues by professional bodies and voluntary organisation. The RCN provides a comprehensive range of services and benefits for its members, this include advice and support on a range of clinical, employment and welfare issues. The RCN also promotes research, quality and practice development through the RCN institute. The royal College of Midwives (RCM) is the only trade union and professional organisation run by midwives for midwives. It is the voice of midwifery, providing excellence in professional leadership, education, influence and representation for and on behalf of midwives. The RCM produces information and advice on a wide range of midwifery issues. The Trust encourages employees at all level of the organisation to belong to a Union and use their services. The Trust recognises UNISON, RCN, RCM, British Medical Association (BMA for doctors) and THE Chartered Society Physiotherapy (CSP). The Unions have sole recognition and bargaining rights to represent employees with the expectation of Directors, individual Senior Managers and Clinical Managers Contracts. The Trust promise not to recognise or negotiate with Unions that are not known to the Trust. However the Trust will comply with the Employment Relations Act 1999 on the recognition of trade unions which are not currently recognised. It is important for employer to train their employees appropriately because this can help to make employees more efficient at their jobs, and in return can help to make the business more competitive with other branches (hospital). For example, employer must HBV vaccination must be made available to employees within 10 working days with occupational exposure. Before the vaccination is given employees must receive the training required. If an employee has previously received the complete HBV vaccination series or antibody testing shows that the employee is already HBV-immune then he or she will not be vaccinate. Hepatitis B Virus is a virus that causes illness directly affecting the liver. It is a blood borne pathogen. In this case you can see that the well being of employees is taken into account. With this attitude the hospital is helping to stop the virus from spreading and protecting the employees. The consequences of poor trained can seriously damage a company, if an employee is affected (ill) due to hygiene problems or poor training. Replacing that employee can cost six months or more of that employees salary when all costs are taken into account. However, recruitment expenses (newspaper advertising) losing an employee will costs the hospital time spent by other staff interviewing, training, and doing the work of the former employee until a replacement is found. It can also result in lower morale and productivity as employees discuss the situation around the hospital as a result this will leave them with fear in their jobs. Employers must pay both men and women equally for doing the same work, unless one of the following exceptions applies, a valid seniority system is in place, when entry level salary is based on experience, or If the job title is the same, but the work involved is different, equal pay rules do not apply. However, if a wage inequity exists between genders, an employer cannot lower the higher-paid employees salary; the employer must raise the lower paid employees salary to equal the higher paid employee. The Trust recognises its responsibility to ensure that the terms of the Sex Discrimination Act 1975, the Race Relations Act 1976, the Disability Discrimination Act 1995, and other relevant legislation are observed. According to Barts and The London they said employee will receive less favourable treatment than another on grounds of sex, sexual orientation, race, age, religion, colour, ethnic origin or disability. Therefore, any direct or indirect racial or sexual discrimination or harassment will be treated as serious as a disciplinary offence. The N.H.S allows certain document to be access, base on under the Freedom of Information Act an employee client can access information base on the list below. 1. The NHS and how they fit 2. Who they are 3. Financial and Funding Information 4. Corporate Information 5. Aims, Targets and Achievements 6. Their Services 7. Reports and Independent Enquiries 8. Policies and Procedures 9. Public Involvement and Consultation 10. Regular publications and information for the public 11. Complaints 12. Human Resources 13. Communications with the Press and Media Releases 14. Environmental Information On the other hand, data protection laws are quite complex but generally they are base on principles. The first data protection Act came into force in the UK in 1984 to protect individuals who had information on them held on computers (meaning personal information must be obtained legally). This Act gave people the right to see their personal file, recently the data protection Act of 1998 was introduce because the previous Act does not apply to written data, therefore individuals had little control over the use of personal data. However the Act regulates the way personal is collected, stored, process and used. It applies to all data stored in a computer systems and paper based on manual records that are stored in a structure way. Within the N.H.S a person, called the data controller should take charge of the storage of all personal records. All managers are accountable to have good code of conduct of employees relations within NHS every effort should be made to resolve grievance without the need to put the law into use. It is in the interest of both parties that grievance should be resolve as quick as possible at its lowest level of management, and to the closest point of referral. For instance if an employee feels unhappy about a situation that he/she think the firm has acted unreasonable or failed to take his/her into account. This can then lead to complaint and may even lead to dispute. In the NHS all employees have the right to have their grievance fairly considered by a supervisor or manager, their grievance should be considered at a higher level of management, if it cannot be resolved at the first stage the individual should be accompanied by a Trade Union representative, a friend or colleague at all meetings convened under the procedure of grievance. ACAS offer employers, trade unions and individuals the opportunity to obtain unbiased assistance in solving disputes and negotiation. ACAS can offer advice to all sides in the disputes. It can also try to bring the sides together as it tries to conciliate and suggest ways to move towards a solution. Finally ACAS can list evidence from both sides and then provide a solution. Never the less, it will insist that both sides agree to abide by its decision before starting the arbitration process. Arbitration and conciliation involve, giving support to both parties in resolving disputes. Conciliation involves listening to both parties before suggesting solutions, whereas arbitration involves providing a solution given certain criteria that both parties are comfortable with. For instance, docking pay or dismissing the employee. The employee may then take the case to an Employment Tribunal. ACAS will be involved in trying to resolve these issues so that they do not go as far as the Tribunal or by creating codes of good practice and giving advice so that an employer can establish working relationships that do not lead to such disputes. ACAS will conciliate by working with the two parties. In addition to this, most of the disputes dealt with by an employment tribunal are for unfair dismissal. In this case the employee must first of all ask ACAS whether the case needs to be taken to an employment tribunal. The tribunal is made up of individuals who have specific knowledge of employment law. After listening to the evidence presented, the chair of the tribunal and other solicitors will make decision by simple majority verdict. Individual whose complaint are upheld are entitled to compensation, reinstatement or reengagement. For example, a deaf worker takes a case for disability discrimination to an Employment Tribunal and wins. A co-worker, who is hearing, appears as a witness for the deaf worker. Later, the employer does not promote the co-worker and this was due to her support for her deaf colleague. This would be victimisation and, under the DDA, the co-worker could take a case to the Employment Tribunal. Moreover appeals made by an employment tribunal can be referred to the Employment Appeal Tribunal. Some cases can be taken further to the court of Appeal, and sometimes up to the final court of appeal in the UK, the House of Lords. Since the UK is part of the European Union, individuals and employers can take their cases to the European court of justice. For example, Customer Service Customer service is an organisations ability to supply their customers wants and needs. Excellent customer service is the ability of an organisation to constantly and consistently exceed the customers expectations. And customer satisfaction is a top priority at each point of interaction. Customers are demanding more service, more convenience and more personalised communications. Businesses a-days must maximise every interaction with their customers to make positive impressions and enhance loyalty and preference with good customer service businesses can position for long-term success. Excellent customer service is about being aware of customer needs and reacting to them effectively. Gain and retain customers Good customer service is good business. It costs much less to keep an existing customer than to win a new customer, so retaining existing customers is more profitable for business. If Barts and The London NHS Trust has effective customer complaints systems in place, many of those customers with questions or problems can be retained. Satisfied complainants can be nearly as, or even more loyal than, patients who did not have a problem. Even if things do not go badly, research suggests that some patients will still leave because they are not totally satisfied with the service. Never the less, Poor service drives patients away, and they will not always come back and give you the chance to put it right. Often businesses are the last persons to hear about their customers problem. They will talk to their friends and talk with their feet by taking their custom elsewhere. Even if they do complain to you, you could still lose a number of these customers after only their first complaint. Businesses can gain customer through advertising, public relations, press releases, direct mail, sales letters and promotional items. Whereas in the retail industry, businesses like Mark and Spencer, Tescos, Sainsburys, provide similar products and charge similar prices. Improving the quality of customer service can help their businesses to gain and retain customers. For instant, if Tescos opens for 24 hours and prices are low then Tescos will gain customers from other competitors and retain their own customers. Gain customer satisfaction and loyalty: Satisfying customers will help to make customers more loyal and less tempted to go to its competitors. Now a-days Customer loyalty matters because selling more to existing customers is easier, and cheaper, than finding and selling to new ones. Loyal customers tend to buy more, more regularly. And they will frequently recommend your business to others. In this case, the NHS will have to provide patients with good health service. But patients are less likely to move from the NHS; unlike if the patient would like to be treated privately. Improving the image and reputation of the business: Good customer service allows business to improve the image and reputation of the business by fulfilling or satisfying customers. Satisfy customers spread good news about the business service and attract new customers. However, customer reputation is more likely to win more customers in a business. Barts and The London NHS Trust would put patients interest first and by doing so they should not let patients be on the waiting list for a long period. It is important for businesses to recognise that the reputation of years can be determined and destroyed by 60 seconds of poor conduct at the front line service delivery level. Providing information about the product in use: Moreover, good customer service means the business listen to their customers, they can find out what customers think about their product or service that is been offered to them. This feedback can help find ways to improve goods or services for customer. For NHS the competition to get drugs prescribed is fierce. Sales and marketing managers therefore need to have confidence that their sales plan is having the maximum effect. In order to do this, sales and marketing managers should surround their sales representatives with the necessary training and development tools. By helping patients to make savings in their prescribing budgets the hospital will also have helped them to release money to spend on other products and services as a result, they may be more receptive to meeting the hospital representatives. Patients will see the hospital as a prescribing partner who understands and is responsive to their needs and resource pressures. Help your business to keep market share: By providing good customer service, customers who remain loyal and new customers won by quality service will decide to buy shares from the business and retain their shares in the market. In the NHS modern sales representative needs to have superior knowledge of the market; effective access to customers; and an accurate means of assessing their impact. The NHS is based around controlling the uptake of a product as appropriate given the evidence, priorities and resourcing. Increase your business sales revenue and profit: Good customer service will allow businesses to increase sales and profit because satisfied customers can encourage others to go for the same good or service. Extra days off from work mean more opportunities for customers to buy goods, and that most often translates into increased sales for retailers. As a result, businesses today are seeking ways to make returned goods enhance financial performance, rather than reduce it, retailers and consumer goods companies can turn the reverse supply chain into a powerful source of profit and customer satisfaction. In the NHS there are departments that serve as internal customers; their job is to check the service that will be provided for external customer. The internal customers help the NHS to provide high quality service to patients. For example, secondary care organisations are the internal customers of primary care, and operating departments are the internal customers of central sterilising units and linen services. Quality depends on all (external and internal) customers in a system getting what they need, when they need it. External customers are the people who the NHS provides their service to (patients), they are the final customer. Final customers could be in-patients or out patients, these patients are individual that go to hospitals for treatment To begin with value for money is very important in the NHS (for private patients, within the country and over sea patients). I will not conduct a customer survey, but will try and search for a survey that will be available in the internet from that survey I will try and explain the most important customer expectations of the NHS. Customer satisfaction is vital for the survival and growth of any business. Findings from the National Homeowner Satisfaction research study indicate that most customers of the participating investigation are very satisfied with the service offered to them. In fact, the average index score of all NHS study participants is an extraordinary 96. The study measures the following components of customer satisfaction: project design, quality of materials, quality of workmanship, work-site conditions, production schedules, budget, price/value of projects, sales process. The survey also asked respondents to rate their willingness to recommend their hospital. Each respondents score for this question is averaged with its overall satisfaction score to yield an NHS Index score. However, the survey has a great percentage of patients who would recommend it to family and friends. Patients like to know services the NHS provide and price that they are expected to pay if any. Clear labelling can help patients with to build their trust and loyalty to any business. The NHS can win new patients by offering specialised advice about their service. The NHS target is to improve patients time to excel in anticipating and quickly responding to customer needs, many patients are not happy for the time they spent in the waiting list. The NHS should try and treat patients on time of need. I also think the NHS should improve Document Management service, in line with best industry standards and good value for money. Add value by providing a wider range of products and services to patients. Personal believe that good Employer should be able to sustain a working environment that attracts, retains and develops committed employees and to improve by investing in people, technology and processes, at the moment the NHS is not fulfilling much of this. Never the less the NHS should be working to build on reputation as a strong and self-reliant business with customer focus, profit orientation, and professional outlook. Market research allows businesses to target customers, sell effectively, compete with suppliers and sport new opportunities. There are many ways in conducting market research, Depending what the business is and the group the business is hoping to aim its product at, particularly the resources allocated to marketing research, there are two main ways of carrying out market research. First and for most, a small business can do the market research personally. This is often in smaller businesses. Here, marketing staff do the research themselves. Sample sizes tend to be small which may be appropriate if there are a relatively small number of customers. Secondly, a business can employ a marketing research manager, as the business may benefit from specialist research skills. Barts and The London NHS Trust has recently conducted a patients surveys, questionnaires and suggestions. Most Market research uses quantitative techniques to discover answers to broad questions from questionnaires. Employees can ask patients questions to know out they think about the NHS or the service being offered to them. Normal this take place when nurses and doctors are in regular contact with patients that are having difficulties with staff or have being in the waiting list for years, sometimes it could be that they are not satisfied with the service theyve received. For example, a new born baby had heart problem and was put on the heart transplant waiting list and he was admitted to the Pediatric ICU at Saint Marys Hospital to wait for a donor heart. Years later the parents were told a possible donor heart had been found, he was taken to be prepared for surgery, after the surgery the baby was doing fine. Expect weeks later when his parents were told that infections could mean a serious illness for him and at a time hes already infected. This took a long period of time for him to recover (something that the hospital could have prevent from happening) finally his family was told that the boy have hope for the future. After many complaints managers may decide to research, managers may achieve this by observing and assuming staff as they deal with patients. Sometimes ward managers employ elderly people, parents to assess and report on how well their workers are doing. In the case of observation, it takes long for GP to put their patients on a hospital waiting, this is due to how many people that are sill waiting and GPs are told to observe the attitude of the patient. Meaning many patients have to be referred by their GP to attend an outpatient clinic where their need for an operation will be assessed. However, the common way to find information from patients is getting them to complete questionnaires, which they will send by post or a nurse will help a patient complete, like an interview. Alternatively the NHS have a committee where patients report about services they provide to the public. This committee gives their views on how the NHS should run and sometimes provide useful and detailed information on how communication can take place in the NHS (patients and workers). As we all know almost all big businesses have websites that are available to clients. Barts and THE London have a website that patients can use regarding the service they offer, most of the time the site have information about the hospital, recent achievements, health information and so on. The website also has an E-mail which patients can use to contract Barts and The London NHS customer service. This way gives patients the chance to offer their views on the NHS and it service it does provide. Patients can use this method (e-mail) to complain about unsatisfactory service or complete forms before visiting the hospital. Barts and The London NHS must supply high quality of service to patients; their service must be of high standard and reliable. Patients must be assured about safety when in the hands of specialists; for instant doctors must explain to patients about side effect of any treatment or medication they are taking. Information on medication must be clear to patients in order to avoid over-dose and help patients to be safe. Barts and The London should have employees with the right skills and attitude to work in other provide patients with right treatment. Nurses or any other work in the NHS are well trained to carry their duties as stated on their contract of employment. All staff wear their uniform this is to help patients recognise all employees in the hospital. As weve been hearing there have been many complaints that the hospitals are not clean enough for patient to be treated and patients often suffer from different sicknesses while in hospital, this is said to be that it is the spreading of disease. Never the less, Barts and The London NHS provide signpost so that patients can find their way around the hospital. By using technology effectively, its possible to do more with fewer resources and compete work in a larger field. Businesses that shy away from technology find themselves at a disadvantage; technology is best suited for customer interaction and information. E-mail is as important as the telephone for the average working man and woman, and in some cases, more important than any other communications, nowadays people send more email than postal mail, exchange drafts of reports via email, schedule meetings via email, and close deals via email. Workers who dont know how to make use of email servers will waste hours or lose information. And those that are content to continue with one-to-one communications will fall behind their competitors. Protecting the customer means making sure that the customer is receiving the actual goods or service he or she wants, and that they are in the right condition to work as expected. There are many laws that exist to protect the customer, on such things as the contents and labelling of food, consumer credit and claims about sale price. In addition, in some cases business has set up its own help for the consumer through such things as voluntary codes of practice. The Trade Descriptions Act 1968 makes it an offence for a trader to apply, by any means, false or misleading statements, or to knowingly or recklessly make such statements about goods and services. This means you have rights as a consumer for what you purchase to do what it says it will. As a consumer if you feel like you have been ripped off or treated unfairly by a shop or a manufacturer then you can speak to a Personal Adviser at your local Connexions or the consumer and trading standards business advice service. If a description has been applied thee a business is not sure about, If at all possible, the trade description should be removed forthwith. Customers should certainly be informed about any doubt about any significant description. The Health and Safety at work 1974 state that all employers were required keeping their workplaces healthy and safe. The act provides a strong framework for good. Never the less, the consumer protection Act 1987, improve the law on the sale of dangerous goods. Certain goods must be marked with warnings and safety advice (bleach). Other goods, including heaters and toys, are covered by safety regulations. The sale of goods Act 1979 set the principles of fit for the purpose, as described and of merchantable quantity. This means products must be as described, fit for purpose and of satisfactory quality. If goods do not conform to contract at the time of sale, purchasers can request their money back within a reasonable time. Weight and measures Act 1985, makes it an offence for traders to give short weight or measure. The Act was established to ensure that buyers receive sufficient and accurate information with which to compare quantity and price.